Answer: Kalhana was the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the history of Kashmir. a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. [7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. Died young. Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. He established a university in Naushehra and a Darul Tarjuma. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. He lies buried in the Gorstan e Shahi in Srinagar. Unreliable Sources - The chronicles include those of Tahir, Haidar Malik, Rafiu'd Din Ahmad and Muhammad A'azam. But even this account is not fully reliable from a historical point of view. Verse 13. Introduction: The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. Kavya as a genre has had a prominent place in traditional Malayalam poetics, so the austere aesthetics of Kalhanas work will strike a chord with readers, particularly those with a yen for that stimulating mixture of Sanskrit and Malayalam of yore, termed Manipravala. The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. During the reign of Zain-ul-Abideen, the eighth Sultan of Kashmir, Mulla Ahmad translated Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian. Little is known about him except from what he tells us about himself in the opening verses of his book. According to the historical evidence, Lalitaditya Muktapida ruled during the 8th century. Kalhaa's account of Kashmir begins with the legendary reign of Gonarda, who was contemporary to Yudhishthira of the Mahbhrata, but the recorded history of Kashmir, as retold by Kalhaa begins from the period of the Mauryas. [18] Iinternal rebellions were ably suppressed. He was given the title of Raja by the Mughal emperor Akbar Shah II in the year 1830 as he had gone to England as an envoy of the emperor. [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha. Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state [citation needed]. In 1574, Akbar started an Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in his new capital of Fatehpur Sikri. Learn about the life of Vallabhacharya, a great saint and philosopher. Sandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). [18] Waqfs were endowed to shrines, mosques were commissioned, numerous Sufi preachers were provided with jagirs and installed in positions of authority, and feasts were regularly held. The Hindi translation of Pandeya Ram Tej is another well-acclaimed book. Published online by Cambridge University Press: Neither in style nor in authenticity do these works approximate the quality of Kalhanas Rajatarangini. Kalhana's work uses Kali and Laukika (or Saptarishi) calendar eras: the ascension year in CE, as given below, has been calculated by Dutt based on Kalhana's records. Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? issues of East, South, and Southeast Asia, as well as a large book review According to Kalhana, this king "did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers" (Stein's translation). Murdered his father, and starved his half-brothers to death. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. In Books V and VI the history of the dynasty continues to 1003, when the kingdom of Kashmir passed on to a new dynasty, the Lohara. He abdicated the throne, and a became a hermit to seek peace. Render date: 2023-03-04T12:29:12.553Z The capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi in the year 1911. Rajatarangini/Original languages Kalhaa's account also states that the city of Srinagar was founded by the Mauryan emperor, Ashoka, and that Buddhism reached the Kashmir valley during this period. Kalhana () (c. 12th century CE), a Kashmiri Brahmin, was the author of Rajatarangini, and is regarded as Kashmir's first historian. For 56 years, The Journal of Asian Studies has been His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. Is domestic violence against men Recognised in India? According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). After that, the English translation. Historian A. Q. Rafiqi states that some Persian chronicles of Kashmir describe Shah Mir as a descendant of the rulers of Swat. Raman Menons translation bears the signature of his scholarly skills, derived from mastery of both Sanskrit and Malayalam. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Verse 7. Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). He assigned the work to a few officials to translate the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language, the literary language of the Mughal court. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a historical text on this region. Ruler of Kashgar (Central Asia) once attacked Kashmir with a large army. [5] According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha 3 Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? was Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of NalDamayanti into Persian. Rajatarangini (The River of Kings) is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE. Rajatharangini promises to arouse a great deal of interest among readers. Deposed his half-brother to become the king, but died after a week. If you do not have an account please register and login to post comments. The author Kalhana was a son of a minister of Harsha of this family. Youngest son of Vajradjtya II. in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the. Sultan Shihabud-din did not have a large number of soldiers to battle against the Kashgar army. [citation needed], He was the next Sultan of Kashmir. TranslationsRajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order.There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit Horace Hayman Wilson, secretary of The Asiatic Society of Bengal in the early 19th century, and the first English. (Stay up to date on new book releases, reviews, and more with The Hindu On Books newsletter. Son of Durlabhavardhana and Anangalekha. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. epic poem Has data issue: true In 1540, the Sultanate was briefly interrupted when Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, a Chagatai Turco-Mongol military general attacked and occupied Kashmir. What is the best compliment to give to a girl? [7][8] Some scholars state that the Panjgabbar valley was peopled by Khasas and so ascribe a Khasa ethnicity to Shah Mir. After Vikramadityas death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. Corrections? There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. Who wrote Rajatarangini What does it tell us about? Rajatarangini 's first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. Among original compositions in Persian, historical literature easily occupied the first place. Qutbuddin died and was succeeded by his son Sultan Sikander also known as the Sikander Butshikand. He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death. May 29, 2021 04:35 pm | Updated July 06, 2022 12:26 pm IST. Was this answer helpful? The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. Zain ul Abidin, a 15th century ruler of Kashmir, appointed scribes to translate the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian with the aim that these translations would give an insight into Hindu philosophy and culture to the rest of the world. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. for this article. Rajatarangini was composed by Kalhana, scion of a noble family of Kashmir. ): "This [king], who did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers". The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. An unpopular king, he was killed. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. . For instance, Marcus Aurel Stein (1900) thought the way of talking and instructional pieces of the Rajatarangini that were in kvya style was essentially detached with the story legitimate, which was recorded, while Buhler arraigned the retreat to legend and fantasy as delivering the sequence of a huge piece of the message worthless and its creator suspect. He was known by his subjects as Bod Shah or Budshah (lit. From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. He also got the Mahabharata and Rajatarangini. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. In the Indian history, Madurai was the capita of Pandyas. European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[34]. "useRatesEcommerce": false He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. 0 0 Similar questions Total loading time: 0 Here, the emperor's top scribes and secretaries were given the task of translating a range of Sanskrit texts, including the Rajatarangini (The History of the Kings of Kashmir) and the Ramayana, into Persian. Who wrote the Rajatarangini class 4th English? Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide. He wrote the work in Sanskrit between 1148 and 1149. Waged a war against the Tantrins with help of their rivals (known as Ekanga), but was defeated and killed. Rajatarangini (Sanskrit: Waterway of Kings) recorded a narrative of early India reasonably viewed as awesome and the best work. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. Kalhana states that the valley of Kashmir was formerly a lake. The translation of the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian was its most outstanding achievement. Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Badauni translated into Persian at Akbars Let us know more about Rajatarangini. [dubious discuss] In fact, his translator Aurel Stein expressed the view that his was the only true Sanskrit history. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? The kings of Kashmir described in the Rajatarangini are given below. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. [27], He was the seventh ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty, and reigned between 1413 and 1420. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara.