With some of his supporters believed to be in favor of drug legalization, McGovern was perceived as standing for "amnesty, abortion and acid". In a statement accompanying the release of what became known as the "Smoking Gun Tape" on August 5, 1974, Nixon accepted blame for misleading the country about when he had been told of White House involvement, stating that he had had a lapse of memory. [127] He appealed to what he later called the "silent majority" of socially conservative Americans who disliked the hippie counterculture and the anti-war demonstrators. In December 1974, Nixon began planning his comeback despite the considerable ill will against him in the country. The President did not reveal any of this to the American people. Reagan was more reasonable in dealing with other countries. Publicly, Nixon said his strategy was a combination of negotiating and Vietnamization. [255] Congress instructed Ford to retain Nixon's presidential papersbeginning a three-decade legal battle over the documents that was eventually won by the former president and his estate. Naval Reserve, from which he retired in the U.S. [127][134] He became the first non-incumbent vice president to be elected president. [130] Nixon promised "peace with honor" in the Vietnam War and proclaimed that "new leadership will end the war and win the peace in the Pacific". The deal, valued at $20 billion over 20 years, involved the construction of two major Soviet port facilities at Odessa and Ventspils,[176][177][178] and a pipeline connecting four ammonia plants in the greater Volga region to the port at Odessa. -Nixon hoped Beijing and Moscow would put pressure on North Vietnam to make peace [238] One researcher suggests Nixon effectively disengaged from his own administration after Ford was sworn in as vice president on December 6, 1973. [182] Kissinger noted similarities between Nixon's opening of China in 1972 and President Donald Trump's Middle East diplomacy. Brezhnev backed down as a result of Nixon's actions. [132] Whether the Nixon campaign interfered with negotiations between the Johnson administration and the South Vietnamese by engaging Anna Chennault, a fundraiser for the Republican party, remains a controversy. Nixons most significant achievement in foreign affairs may have been the establishment of direct relations with the Peoples Republic of China The president believed thatexcept during the Suez Crisisthe U.S. had failed to intervene with Israel, and should use the leverage of the large U.S. military aid to Israel to urge the parties to the negotiating table. Rhodes told Nixon he faced certain impeachment in the House. [9] Four of the five Nixon boys were named after kings who had ruled in medieval or legendary Britain; Richard, for example, was named after Richard the Lionheart. Why can the Vietnam war been seen as honourable and effective? [92] According to Nixon biographer Stephen Ambrose, Nixon had "earned the high praise he received for his conduct during the crisis he made no attempt to seize power". What happened in relation to Vietnam in 1971? They collaborated closely, bypassing Cabinet officials. Judge John Sirica excused Nixon's presence despite the defendants' objections. [271] Nixon visited the White House in 1979, invited by Carter for the state dinner for Chinese Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping. Until his historic visit to Mainland China in 1972, any dealings with the Communist Chinese regime were considered to be taboo in the United States; therefore Nixons initiative, nobelliterature.com 2018 All Rights Reserved, * All Partners were chosen among 50+ writing services by our Customer Satisfaction Team, The Use of Presidential Power by Johnson and Nixon, Problem of Slaves and The Article Notes on Virginia Written by Thomas Jefferson. But some [13] Richard was twelve years old when a spot was found on his lung, and with a family history of tuberculosis, he was forbidden to play sports. [167] Once American combat support ended, there was a brief truce, before fighting resumed, and North Vietnam conquered South Vietnam in 1975. [195] Despite the failure to control inflation, controls were slowly ended, and on April 30, 1974, their statutory authorization lapsed. Besides, one of his greatest achievements was that he ended the Cold War. Israels entry into the nuclear community (though never confirmed by Israel itself) destabilized the region by raising the possibility that Israel would resort to nuclear weapons if attacked by Arab countries. In March 1970, at the explicit request of the Khmer Rouge and negotiated by Pol Pot's then-second-in-command, Nuon Chea, North Vietnamese troops launched an offensive and overran much of Cambodia. At this period of his life, he often rose at 4a.m., to drive the family truck into Los Angeles to purchase vegetables at the market and then drove to the store to wash and display them before going to school. [215] He also pushed for African American civil rights and economic equity through a concept known as black capitalism. [198] He relied on his domestic advisor John Ehrlichman, who favored protection of natural resources, to keep him "out of trouble on environmental issues. [175], In 1973, Nixon encouraged the Export-Import Bank to finance in part a trade deal with the Soviet Union in which Armand Hammer's Occidental Petroleum would export phosphate from Florida to the Soviet Union, and import Soviet ammonia. The Nixon Doctrine influenced the U.S. decision to sell arms to Iran and to Israel in the 1970s. The Nixon Doctrine will be introduced at this time to see how U.S. foreign policy changed in response to events (in this case, the Vietnam War). "[83] The speech prompted a huge public outpouring of support for Nixon. [120] Nevertheless, as late as two months before the 1964 Republican National Convention, Nixon fulfilled his promise to remain out of the presidential nomination process and instead gave his support to the eventual Republican nominee, Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater. Nixon and Brezhnev proclaimed a new era of "peaceful coexistence". [206][207][c] While Nixon called for increased spending on such high-profile items as sickle-cell disease and for a War on Cancer, at the same time he sought to reduce overall spending at the National Institutes of Health. [2][3][4] However, evaluations of him have proven complex, with the successes of his presidency contrasted against the circumstances of his departure from office. Foreign Policy: Evaluating Nixons and Eisenhowers Use of Power Nixon was able to use powers to make successful gains within the cold war abroad, yet had trouble working with others at home. [83] The speech was remembered for the gift which Nixon had received, but which he would not give back: "a little cocker spaniel dog sent all the way from Texas. - Reagan argued that negotiating with the USSR weakened the US and they shouldn't have any communist affiliations [195] The controls produced food shortages, as meat disappeared from grocery stores and farmers drowned chickens rather than sell them at a loss. Nixon initiated and oversaw the peaceful desegregation of southern schools. WebDespite the debacle in Vietnam, Nixon did achieve a few key foreign policy victories during his time in office. Web- Detente would demonstrate that Nixon was a peace loving world statesman and help him to win the election in 1972 - China and Soviet were enemies, Nixon wanted to exploit this Bringing the conflict to a successful resolution proved elusive. [278] Nixon visited the Soviet Union in 1986 and on his return sent President Reagan a lengthy memorandum containing foreign policy suggestions and his personal impressions of Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev. [236] On October 10, 1973, Vice President Agnew resigned for reasons unrelated to Watergate: he was convicted on charges of bribery, tax evasion and money laundering during his tenure as governor of Maryland. Granted the CIA $10 After the committee failed to attract higher-profile candidates, Herman Perry, manager of Whittier's Bank of America branch, suggested Nixon, a family friend with whom he had served on the Whittier College Board of Trustees before the war. To pay for the weapons, the shah raised the price of Iranian oil beyond the already high price charged by OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries), of which Iran was a member. In the spring of 1970, U.S. and South Vietnamese forces attacked North Vietnamese sanctuaries in Cambodia, which prompted widespread protests in the United States; one of these demonstrationsat Kent State University on May 4, 1970ended tragically when soldiers of the Ohio National Guard fired into a crowd of about 2,000 protesters, killing four and wounding nine. Have Any U.S. Presidents Decided Not to Run For a Second Term? [321] In his account of the Nixon presidency, author Richard Reeves described Nixon as "a strange man of uncomfortable shyness, who functioned best alone with his thoughts". Eventually, his haziness led him to a failure on a political arena. When did South Vietnamese fall to North Vietnam? [242], The scandal grew to involve a slew of additional allegations against the President, ranging from the improper use of government agencies to accepting gifts in office and his personal finances and taxes; Nixon repeatedly stated his willingness to pay any outstanding taxes due, and later paid $465,000 (equivalent to $2.6million in 2021) in back taxes in 1974. On October 22, 1968, candidate Nixon received information that Johnson was preparing a so-called "October surprise", abandoning three non-negotiable conditions for a bombing halt, to help elect Humphrey in the last days of the campaign. [104] Despite initial reluctance, Nixon entered the race. This, he hoped, would boost his election chances in 1972. [10], Nixon's early life was marked by hardship, and he later quoted a saying of Eisenhower to describe his boyhood: "We were poor, but the glory of it was we didn't know it". WebAnswer: Mr Nixons legacy is smeared by the Watergate affair, but his presidency should also be remembered for foreign policy successes. [200], In 1971, Nixon proposed health insurance reforma private health insurance employer mandate,[b] federalization of Medicaid for poor families with dependent minor children,[201] and support for health maintenance organizations (HMOs). - Nixon hoped to use China to counter balance Soviet power Both policies came into effect once Nixon became president. WebNixon's new approach to China was surprising for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: China was successful in their first satellite launch, which occurred before the United States could launch their first satellite. The influential article burnished Nixons foreign policy credentials. Did Richard Nixon support the Vietnam War? However, Nixon desired that the US should not be perceived as having lost the war and peace should be achieved with honor. These contradictory aims led to his escalation of the War in April 1970 when the invasion of Cambodia was authorized, supposedly to pursue the North Vietnamese forces. He clung to the idea of being "tough". Ford insisted on a statement of contrition, but Nixon felt he had not committed any crimes and should not have to issue such a document. All the best! Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. In August 1947, he became one of 19 House members to serve on the Herter Committee,[56] which went to Europe to report on the need for U.S. foreign aid. He justified the involvement in Vietnam, as being another noble cause. Upon his return to the U.S., Nixon was appointed the administrative officer of the Alameda Naval Air Station in California. - CIA grant of $10 million to stop Allende coming to power. [143], In February 1972, Nixon and his wife traveled to China after Kissinger briefed Nixon for over 40hours in preparation. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [96] Eisenhower suffered a mild stroke in November 1957, and Nixon gave a press conference, assuring the nation that the Cabinet was functioning well as a team during Eisenhower's brief illness. Initial talks did not result in an agreement,[156] and in May 1969 he publicly proposed to withdraw all American troops from South Vietnam provided North Vietnam did so, and suggesting South Vietnam hold internationally supervised elections with Viet Cong participation. [93], His spirits buoyed, Nixon sought a second term, but some of Eisenhower's aides aimed to displace him. Nixon established a new relationship with the Middle East, eliminating Soviet dominance in the region. - Nixon conceded that North Vietnam would not have to withdraw troops from South but there was still not peace In honor of the POWs returning home from Vietnam, Nixon hosted the largest reception in White House history. Richard Nixon is one of the most controversial Presidents in the history of the United States. The Carter administration had little use for Nixon and blocked his planned trip to Australia, causing the government of Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser to withhold its official invitation.[267]. [239], On November 17, 1973, during a televised question-and-answer session[240] with 400 Associated Press managing editors, Nixon said, "People have got to know whether or not their President is a crook. What he will be remembered for is the nightmare he put the country through in his second term and for his resignation. If the US could not control Latin America, it could not expect "to achieve a successful order elsewhere in the world," Nixon's National Security Council concluded in 1971 while considering the paramount importance of destroying Chilean democracy. On July 24, Nixon was touring the exhibits with Soviet First Secretary and Premier Nikita Khrushchev when the two stopped at a model of an American kitchen and engaged in an impromptu exchange about the merits of capitalism versus communism that became known as the "Kitchen Debate". [174] Nixon later described his strategy: I had long believed that an indispensable element of any successful peace initiative in Vietnam was to enlist, if possible, the help of the Soviets and the Chinese. He was also the first American President to visit China. More than a week later, by the time the U.S. and Soviet Union began negotiating a truce, Israel had penetrated deep into enemy territory. In June, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, a Democratic candidate, was assassinated just moments after his victory in the California primary. All rights reserved. [227] The following month, Nixon was renominated at the 1972 Republican National Convention. [277] After eighteen months in the New York City townhouse, Nixon and his wife moved in 1981 to Saddle River, New Jersey. "[304], Nixon's stance on domestic affairs has been credited with the passage and enforcement of environmental and regulatory legislation. He possessed contradictory and distinct thought patterns, which resulted in different policy predispositions (Shimko 357). Federal aid was available, and a meeting with President Nixon was a possible reward for compliant committees. [199][198] Nixon vetoed the Clean Water Act of 1972objecting not to the policy goals of the legislation but to the amount of money to be spent on them, which he deemed excessive. [325] He then added, "But, Bob, generally speaking, you can't trust the bastards. WebRichard M. Nixon and Zhou Enlai. Senior aides such as White House Counsel John Dean faced prosecution; in total 48 officials were convicted of wrongdoing. [168], Nixon had been a firm supporter of Kennedy during the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion and 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. But Most VPs Have To", "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, Volume I Foundations of Foreign Policy, 1969-1972", "Vietnam War Deaths and Casualties By Month", "Making More Enemies than We Kill? Nixon believed Israel should make peace with its Arab neighbors and that the U.S. should encourage it. On Nixon's orders, television was strongly favored over printed publications, as Nixon felt that the medium would capture the visit much better than print. I am getting ready to graduate in another week, but had to take a minute to jot this line because I want you to know what a help your writing service has been to me, especially during my junior and senior years. [121], Nixon was one of the few leading Republicans not blamed for the disastrous results, and he sought to build on that in the 1966 Congressional elections. - Nixon went to Moscow on the 22nd of May 1972 and signed SALT and anti-Ballistic Missile treaty. [146] He said he was suspicious of Kissinger,[146] though the National Security Advisor referred to their meeting as his "encounter with history". Nixon dedicated a $100-million to begin the war on cancer, a campaign that led to the creation of national cancer centers and antidotes that helped fight the deadly disease. - North Vietnamese forces could stay in South Vietnam but could neither fight nor be increased [324] In one conversation with H. R. Haldeman, Nixon said that Washington was "full of Jews" and that "most Jews are disloyal", making exceptions for some of his top aides. WebRonald Reagan, unlike Nixon, was more self-contained. [279], In 1986, Nixon addressed a convention of newspaper publishers, impressing his audience with his tour d'horizon of the world. Nixon used many risky strategies in order to improve the relationship between the US and the communist countries. It failed mainly because it was based on flawed assumptions and false premises, the foremost of which was that the Soviet Union wanted strategic arms limitation agreement much more than the United States did.[173]. [159] Nixon announced the ground invasion of Cambodia on April 30, 1970, against North Vietnamese bases in the east of the country,[160] and further protests erupted against perceived expansion of the conflict, which resulted in Ohio National Guardsmen killing four unarmed students at Kent State University. [147] When not in meetings, Nixon toured architectural wonders, including the Forbidden City, the Ming tombs, and the Great Wall. The 25th Amendment to the United States Constitution had not yet been proposed, and the vice president had no formal power to act. [211], Some scholars, such as James Morton Turner and John Isenberg, believe that Nixon, who had advocated for civil rights in his 1960 campaign, slowed down desegregation as president, appealing to the racial conservatism of Southern whites, who were angered by the civil rights movement. "[300] Irwin Gellman, who chronicled Nixon's Congressional career, suggests, "He was remarkable among his congressional peers, a success story in a troubled era, one who steered a sensible anti-Communist course against the excess of McCarthy. The President and First Lady arrived in Moscow on May 22, 1972, and met with Leonid Brezhnev, the General Secretary of the Communist Party; Alexei Kosygin, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers; and Nikolai Podgorny, the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, among other leading Soviet officials. 2023 EssaysWriters.com. [195] He reimposed price controls in June 1973. Historians and foreign-policy experts agree that the Nixon Doctrine was part of a shift in U.S. foreign policy away from a bilateral view of international relationsthat is, away from a sole focus on the U.S.-Soviet struggle for power. [139] He spoke about turning partisan politics into a new age of unity: In these difficult years, America has suffered from a fever of words; from inflated rhetoric that promises more than it can deliver; from angry rhetoric that fans discontents into hatreds; from bombastic rhetoric that postures instead of persuading. [303] According to his biographer Herbert Parmet, "Nixon's role was to steer the Republican party along a middle course, somewhere between the competitive impulses of the Rockefellers, the Goldwaters, and the Reagans. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Because of the collaboration between these two leaders, Nixon deserves the title, "the first modern vice president". - Mao Zedong was a communist leader, - Nixon relaxed restrictions on Sino -American trade 1969-70 A great proponent of the 26th Amendment, Nixon lowered the voting age from twenty-one to eighteen, extending the right to vote to Americas youth. Unemployment was low, but interest rates were at their highest in a century. What successes did America have withArab Israeli war? ", "Siena's 6th Presidential Expert Poll 19822018", "David Owen: Lessons in removing politicians from public office", "A doctor writes: Politicians' pride is a medical disorder", "New tapes reveal depth of Nixon's anti-Semitism", "Guide to the Nixon Family Collection (19091967)", "1972: President Nixon arrives in Moscow", "Nixon Plan for Negro Construction Jobs Is Lagging", "The World: New Chapter, Old Debate; Would Kennedy Have Quit Vietnam? [54] Nixon won the election, receiving 65,586 votes to Voorhis's 49,994. [74], In the Senate, Nixon took a prominent position in opposing global communism, traveling frequently and speaking out against it. [104] Nixon hoped a successful run would confirm his status as the nation's leading active Republican politician, and ensure he remained a major player in national politics. His work on the Alger Hiss case established his reputation as a leading anti-Communist, which elevated him to national prominence, and in 1950, he was elected to the Senate. What happened in relation to Vietnam in 1970? The agreement implemented a cease fire and allowed for the withdrawal of remaining American troops without requiring withdrawal of the 160,000 North Vietnam Army regulars located in the South. [298] In his article, Thompson described Nixon as "a political monster straight out of Grendel and a very dangerous enemy". In reaction to the oil embargo of 1973, Nixon initiated Project Independence, which set a timetable to end reliance on foreign oil by 1980. WebRichard Nixon's Top Domestic and Foreign Policy Achievements See President Richard Nixon's top accomplishments in the arenas of domestic and foreign policy. He had no strong preference for a vice-presidential candidate, and Republican officeholders and party officials met in a "smoke-filled room" and recommended Nixon to the general, who agreed to the senator's selection. [44][45], In October 1942, after moving his home of record to Alexandria, Virginia, he was given his first assignment as aide to the commander of the Naval Air Station Ottumwa in Iowa until May 1943. After a honeymoon in Mexico, the Nixons began their married life in Whittier. Although President Richard Nixon is known more for the Watergate scandal and as the only US President to have resigned from office, he was responsible for introducing a number of bold and innovative foreign policy When Nixon took over the office of US President in 1969, the Vietnam War was the main issue in the country. Surveys of historians and political scientists have ranked Nixon as a below-average president. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications", "The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists: A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives", "Richard Nixon and the Rise of American Environmentalism", National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, "The Republican ReversalJames Morton Turner, Andrew C. Isenberg | Harvard University Press", "MIT lecture notes in "Aircraft Systems Engineering," fall 2005, on early Space Shuttle policy", "Protesters Heckle Nixon at Oxford Opponents of Oxford Speech Cool Nixon's Warm Welcome", "Nixon Center Becomes Center for the National Interest", "THE 37TH PRESIDENT: THE LAST DAYS; Disabled, Yet Retaining Control Over His Care", "Kissinger says Trump, Nixon foreign policies similar, warns Biden on Iran", "How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Bestand WorstPresidents? He added that, although the United States would continue to uphold all of its treaty obligations, it would expect its allies to contribute significantly to their own defense. How were Nixon and Kissinger demonstrating amorality in foreign policy? He left while devoting half his address to a recitation of his accomplishments in office. The Washington Post picked up on the story; reporters Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward relied on an informant known as "Deep Throat"later revealed to be Mark Felt, associate director at the FBIto link the men to the Nixon administration. - Allende was elected so the CIA tried to de-stabilise his government By the time Nixon finally pulled out of Vietnam in 1973, thousands of additional Vietnamese and American soldiers had died. Salvador Allende, elected in 1970. Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 April 22, 1994) was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. I congratulated him for his gallant and courageous fight against great odds. [189] This could not be accomplished overnight, and the U.S. economy continued to struggle through 1970, contributing to a lackluster Republican performance in the midterm congressional elections (Democrats controlled both Houses of Congress throughout Nixon's presidency). [51] On October 3, 1945, he was promoted to lieutenant commander. He wrote in his diary, referring to himself and Pat, So be it. [30] The number of scholarships was greatly reduced for second- and third-year students, creating intense competition. Through the employment of linkage, they hoped to change the nature and course of U.S. foreign policy, including U.S. nuclear disarmament and arms control policy, and to separate them from those practiced by Nixon's predecessors. [75] He supported statehood for Alaska and Hawaii, voted in favor of civil rights for minorities, and supported federal disaster relief for India and Yugoslavia. On taking office in 1969, he stepped up covert operations against Cuba and its president, Fidel Castro. In 1973, President Nixon ended the draft, moving the United States Military to an all-volunteer force. - In September 1973 a coup was led by General Pinochet and Allende's government was overthrown. For example, he was planning to end the war in North Vietnam by using his good relations with China and USSR. This is a test of character and we must not fail the test. Reagan, during his presidency, was prone to change his beliefs concerning other countries, as it happened with his attitude to the Soviet Union. He chose not to present any defense. [57] Advocacy by Herter Committee members, including Nixon, led to congressional passage of the Marshall Plan. - Nixon upset peace talks in Vietnam in 1968 to improve election chances A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a representative and senator from California and was the 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. The Johnson administration had offered to suspend bombing unconditionally in exchange for negotiations, but to no avail. Told by his doctors that he could either be operated on or die, a reluctant Nixon chose surgery, and President Ford visited him in the hospital. Nixon had done a lot to make peace in the world; however, he rarely succeeded in this. [83] The address, later termed the Checkers speech, was heard by about 60million Americansincluding the largest television audience up to that point. [217], After a nearly decade-long national effort, the United States won the race to land astronauts on the Moon on July 20, 1969, with the flight of Apollo 11. What were the three reasons Nixon wanted the Vietnam war to end? Even so, from 1969 onward the Nixon administration did not adhere strictly to the doctrine. Compared to Reagan, Nixon was not as good material for the presidency. Nixon was inaugurated as president on January 20, 1969, sworn in by his onetime political rival, Chief Justice Earl Warren. He went on to achieve his most notable foreign [236] On July 24, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the full tapes, not just selected transcripts, must be released. With relations between the Soviet Union and China at a nadirborder clashes between the two took place during Nixon's first year in officeNixon sent private word to the Chinese that he desired closer relations. [220] NASA cancelled the last three planned Apollo lunar missions to place Skylab in orbit more efficiently and free money up for the design and construction of the Space Shuttle. Who succeeded Richard Nixon as president after he resigned? In step with his conservative beliefs, his administration incrementally transferred power from the federal government to the states. "Nixon disbarred in New York in 1st ruling of Watergate guilt", Milazzo, Paul Charles. [21], At the start of his junior year in September 1928, Nixon's parents permitted him to transfer to Whittier High School. Fearing communist revolution in Latin America, the Nixon administration helped to undermine the coalition government of Chiles Marxist Pres. [35] In 1938, he opened up his own branch of Wingert and Bewley in La Habra, California,[36] and became a full partner in the firm the following year. Her funeral services were held on the grounds of the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace. Even Bebe Rebozo, by some accounts his closest friend, did not call him by his first name. [218], Nixon was unwilling to keep funding for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) at the high level seen during the 1960s as NASA prepared to send men to the Moon. The vice president welcomed the president's initiatives and worked energetically to accomplish White House objectives. The Ford White House considered a pardon of Nixon, even though it would be unpopular in the country. - Congress threatened to cut his money so Nixon again appeal to the public WebWithin his foreign policy, Nixon was able to bring peace to millions. Nixon was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party's presidential nominee in the 1952 election, and served for eight years as the vice president. [105] Nixon campaigned on his experience, but Kennedy called for new blood and claimed the EisenhowerNixon administration had allowed the Soviet Union to overtake the U.S. in ballistic missiles (the "missile gap").
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